Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic skin condition that causes the skin to become dry, itchy, and inflamed. It's an inflammatory disease often linked to a weakened skin barrier, which makes the skin more sensitive to irritants and allergens. It's not contagious.

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity of eczema. Common signs include:

Intense itching (pruritus), which can be severe and may get worse at night.

Dry, sensitive skin that can be cracked or scaly.

Red, brown, purple, or gray patches of skin, which may appear swollen.

Oozing or crusting, especially from small, fluid-filled bumps.

Thickened, leathery skin from repeated scratching.

Raw, sensitive skin from constant scratching.

The location of the rash can change with age. In infants, it often appears on the face and scalp. In children and adults, it is commonly found on the hands, feet, inner elbows, and behind the knees.

Types of Eczema

While atopic dermatitis is the most common form, several other types of eczema exist:

Atopic Dermatitis: The most common and chronic type, often starting in childhood. It's part of the "atopic march," a triad of conditions that includes asthma and hay fever.

Contact Dermatitis: An itchy rash caused by direct contact with an irritant (like harsh soaps) or an allergen (like nickel or poison ivy).

Dyshidrotic Eczema: Characterized by small, intensely itchy blisters on the hands and feet.

Nummular Eczema: Presents as coin-shaped spots of red, itchy, and scaly skin, often mistaken for ringworm.

Seborrheic Dermatitis: Causes flaky, scaly patches on oily areas like the scalp (dandruff), face, and chest.

Stasis Dermatitis: Develops in the lower legs due to poor circulation, causing swelling, redness, and itching.

Causes and Triggers

The exact cause of eczema isn't fully understood, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. A family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies increases your risk. Common triggers for flare-ups include:

Environmental allergens: Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and mold.

Irritants: Harsh soaps, detergents, perfumes, and certain fabrics like wool.

Weather changes: Dry air, as well as extreme heat or cold.

Stress: Emotional stress can trigger a flare-up.

Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can worsen symptoms.

Foods: For some people, certain foods like dairy, eggs, or nuts can be a trigger.