Neonatal Jaundice, or Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia (NNH); is a common problem in newborns. It affects around 5-15% of all neonates. It’s a common cause of hospitalization in newborns. Jaundice is caused by the pigment bilirubin in the blood. This bilirubin is derived from hemoglobin in our RBC’s . When there is an excess of bilirubin in the blood, it shows up on skin causing yellowness or jaundice. Most of the newborns get some yellowness of skin between 3-10 days of life. This mild jaundice is physiological, caused by immaturity of the liver in handling the bilirubin pigment. It recovers by 7-14 days of age. In few newborns, however, the jaundice appears early and is in excess of permissible levels for that age. This is called pathological jaundice, and has to be treated. Jaundice in newborn beyond a certain level can cross to the brain, and cause neurological damage (Kernicterus). It manifests as athetoid cerebral palsy, auditory dysfunction, dental dysplasia, paralysis of upward gaze, and variable intellectual disability. Common causes of neonatal jaundice are prematurity, large birth weight, IUGR, poor feeding, blood group incompatibility between mother and newborn, bleeding in to the scalp during delivery of the child. Less often, there can be RBC enzyme defects, congenital infections in the newborn, sepsis, liver diseases etc. Jaundice can be assessed by the skin colour. Yellowness initially appears in the eyes(sclera) followed by the skin. Initially face has a yellowish tinge, later as the jaundice progresses, the yellowness spreads to chest, abdomen, and later to arms, legs. Yellowness of palms and soles usually signifies high levels of bilirubin and requires emergency treatment. NNH is screened by transcutaneous bilirubinometer, an instrument which is touched on forehead or chest skin to see bilirubin levels. Its easy to use, but accuracy is limited. It’s a very useful screening tool. Definite levels of bilirubin can be measured using blood test. The standard treatment for NNH is phototherapy. When values of bilirubin exceed the cut-off’s for a particular age and gestation in neonates, they require phototherapy. Usually bilirubin starts decreasing with phototherapy in a day or two. It’s a safe and widely used treatment for NNH worldwide. Very high or non responding jaundice may require other interventions like exchange transfusion, or IVIG.