Your MRI does not show any rotator cuff tear, which is a positive finding. However, since you have been experiencing weakness and a feeling of instability for around 9 months, it is important to assess the shoulder clinically as well. The mild bursitis and labral fraying may be contributing to your symptoms.
Next Steps
I would recommend a proper physiotherapy assessment followed by a gradual strengthening program for the rotator cuff and scapular muscles. Exercises for shoulder stability, control and proprioception can also be added depending on your assessment. Since you play badminton, your rehabilitation should gradually include sport-specific movements as your strength and stability improve.
Health Tips
For now, avoid exercises or badminton movements that cause pain, excessive clicking or a feeling that the shoulder may give way. Don't completely stop using the shoulder, but avoid pushing through pain. Regular physiotherapy is important, especially since previous treatment was not consistent.