Brain surgery for glioblastoma. Please?

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive type of brain tumor. IHC with markers like IDH1, ATRX, 1p/19q co deletion, Ki-67, p-53, EGFR mutation and MGMT promoter methylation helps in identifying GBM and differentiating it from other brain tumors. Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Even with the best available treatment, the tumor has a tendency to recur. The main goals of treatment are to slow tumor growth, relieve symptoms, and maintain quality of life. On average, patients live for about 14–16 months after diagnosis, even with standard therapy. Without active treatment, the disease often progresses more quickly. In multifocal or multicentric GBM, where there are multiple tumor sites, complete surgical removal is not possible. The focus is on maximal safe resection, followed by radiation and chemotherapy if the patient’s general condition allows. If these are not feasible, supportive and palliative care is provided. It is important to understand that GBM is not a curable disease. Increasing limb weakness and swelling at the operated site could indicate tumor regrowth or increased intracranial pressure. A fresh MRI brain with contrast is advised, followed by consultation with your neurosurgeon and radiation oncologist. Medicines such as steroids (to reduce brain swelling) and antiepileptics (to prevent seizures) can help relieve symptoms but should be used only under expert supervision.