Please identify if you are having sensitivity ie the sensation of hot or cold or you are having pain .
if it is sensitivity then yes it could happen because of cleaning as the plaque deposits are removed and the enamel is exposed . If it is pain then it is because the decay is deep and it must be treated to relieve you of the pain . Pain will not be there because of the cleaning.
Next Steps
Identify the symptoms - sensitivity / pain
Advise treatment
Health Tips
If it is sensitivity - Start using a desensitising toothpaste like Sensodyne and you should be relieved soon.