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The report shows early varices. These are enlarged vein at the lower end of the food pipe (oesophagus) where it joins the stomach. This is an indication of a problem with the liver. We call it Cirrhosis of the liver. In our place for patient in your dad’s age group the 3 common causes of Cirrhosis are: 1. Alcohol 2. Viral infections (Hepatitis C and B) 3. Obesity+Diabetes (we call it non-alcoholic liver disease) If he has not had investigations done then the following tests are required. Blood tests- Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, CBP, Liver function tests, Prothrombin time(INR), ANA, anti-mitochondrial antibody, HbA1C, Lipid profile and Alfa feto protein Scan- Ultrasound abdomen Treatment advice:(if no allergy to medications) 1. Stop alcohol completely 2. Propranolol 40mg once a day (to reduce the risk of varices getting worse and bleeding) 3. If develops any swelling (neeru pattadamu) of abdomen, legs, arms- will need an additional tablet called Spironolactone 50mg once a day 4. Stay active and maintain healthy lifestyle 5. If any blood in the motion or motion looks like tar (road daambar colour)must urgently go to hospital All the best. J G S R clinic

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