If your sensitive teeth with pain have any decay/cavity or severe attrition(usually happens by grinding), then you must get your treatment done as soon as possible. Inorder to address your issue, you will require couple of dental x rays near painfull teeth region.
Sensodyne can only help relieve your sensitivity to cold symptoms.
Next Steps
visit your nearby dentist inorder to address your situation. please don't delay, as infection spreads quickly.