Down syndrome is a chromosomal genetic disorder of the 21 number chromosome. It is caused due to abnormal cell division of the chromosome, which leads to an extra copy of 21 chromosome causing developmental and intellectual delays and learning disabilities in children.

Chromosomes are a group of genes. These are the genetic material responsible for growth development and functions. They are usually present in pairs. In a healthy individual, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. A patient who has Down syndrome have an extra copy of 21, so instead of 2, they have 3 copies of 21 chromosome. This extra copy causes the disorder.

They have a typical physical appearance- short height, short hands and fingers, the little finger is bent, almond-shaped eyes, lazy eye, flat nose, tiny spots on the white part of eye, small head, loose joints, protruding tongue, single central crease in the palm, excessive flexibility and low muscle tone. They have difficulty in thinking and learning, controlling feelings and expressions.

It can be diagnosed before birth too with the help of some scans and test. Post-birth there are typical physical features present in an individual which help to find out if your child has Down syndrome. Delayed development, difficulty in learning and managing daily activities are some of the signs. Karyotyping genetic test will help confirm that there is an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down syndrome is hereditary; it can pass on from parents to children. There are chances of getting Down syndrome if any close family member has Down syndrome.