Residency - Anesthesia - University Of California, San Francisco, 1982
Phd - Harvard Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, 1971
Bachelor of Arts in physics - Columbia College, 1963
Master of Art - Harvard University / MIT, 1964
Doctor of Philosophy in physics - Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 1971
Doctor of Medicine - University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1979
Medical degree, DO - University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, 1982
Residency in Anaesthesiology - University Of California, San Francisco, 1982
Internship, Transitional Year - University of Miami/Jackson Health System, 1980