A.B. - Harvard College, 1975
D.V.M. - University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, 1980
M.D. - University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 1985
Fellowship, Neuropathology - University Of California, San Francisco, 1990
Residency in Pathology - Anatomic and Clinical - University Of California, San Francisco, 1989
Internship, Transitional Year - University Of California, San Francisco, 1986
Medical degree, DO - University of California, San Diego, 1985