Internship - University of New Mexico, 1986
PGY2 - University of New Mexico, 1987
PGY3, PGY4 - University of California, San Diego, 1989
Fellowship in Geropsychiatry - University of California, San Diego, 1991
Medical degree, DO - University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 1987
Chief Residency in Psychiatry - University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 1990
Internship, Transitional Year - University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 1986
Medical School - University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, 1985