Residency in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery - University of Missouri-Columbia SOM, 1976
Residency in Surgery (Gen) - University of Missouri-Columbia SOM, 1971
Bioethics - D.BE - Loyola University Medical School, 2012
Bioethics and Health Policy - M.A.B.E. - Loyola University Medical School, 2008
Aerospace Medicine and Public Health - M.P.H. - University of Texas, School of Public Health, 1991
Engineering - M.S.E. - University of Texas, Graduate School, 1990
Medical Doctor, with Clinical Honors - M.D. - The University Of Missouri, 1970
Zoology - B.A. - The University Of Missouri, 1966