Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering - Stanford University SOM, 1978
Master's degree in Biology (neurosciences) - Stanford University SOM, 1978
Residency - ID - University Of California, San Francisco, 1985
Fellowship, Research Fellowship - University of California, San Diego, 1987
Fellowship 2 - Stanford University SOM, 1997
Medical degree, DO - University Of California San Diego School Of Medicine, 1986
Internship - Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, 1983
Residency - ID - University of California, San Diego Medical Center, 1987