Doctor of Medicine - McGill University, 1974
Internship - Royal Victoria Hospital, 1975
Residency - ID - Royal Victoria Hospital, 1978
Fellowship 2 - Vanderbilt University Medical Center GME, 1981
Internship - Internal Medicine - Royal Victoria Hospital, 1975
Residency in Internal Medicine - McGill University, 1976
Clinical pharmacology fellowship - Vanderbilt University, 1980
Cardiology Fellowship - Vanderbilt University, 1981
M.D. - McGill University, 1974