Doctor of Medicine - Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 1976
Residency in Surgery (Gen) - San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, 1977
Residency in Anaesthesiology - San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, 1979
Fellowship, Critical Care Medicine (Anesthesiology) - University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1993
Masters of Management in Health Care - Vanderbilt University, 2011