Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering - Stanford University SOM, 1974
PhD (Biomedical Engineering) - Stanford University School of Medicine, 1976
Orthopaedic surgery residency - UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 1978
Internship, Transitional Year - Santa Clara Valley Medical Center Gme, 1977
Anesthesiology, Residency - Los Angeles County-Harbor-Ucla Medical Center, 1982