The primary goal of therapy in SIBO should be the treatment of any underlying disease or structural defect, although for many conditions, this cannot be achieved. Management should include correction of any nutritional deficiencies, where present. This may involve nutritional support and/or supplemental fat-soluble vitamins, vitaminB12 and minerals. The use of prokinetic agents may be considered for patients with gastroparesis or intestinal dysmotility. However, the efficacy of these agents has not yet been proven. Treatment for SIBO aims to modify the GI microbiota, usually with antibiotics, in a way that will result in symptomatic improvement. Due to the limitations associated with qualitative and quantitative bacteriological studies and because the contaminating bacterial populations are quite numerous, choice of antibiotic remains primarily empiric. Effective treatment generally includes one or more drugs with activity against both aerobic and anaerobic enterobacteria.