Medical School - Texas Tech University Health Science Center At Lubbock, 1968
Internship, Transitional Year - University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1969
Residency, Ophthalmology - University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1972
Residency, Emergency Medicine - Mercy St Vincent Medical Center, 2002
B.A. - University of California, Santa Cruz, 1972
M.D. - University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 1977
M.P.H. - University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 1991