Medical degree, DO - University Of Minnesota Medical School, 1981
Residency in General Surgery - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1983
Fellowship, Thoracic Surgery - Toronto General Hospital - UHN, 1990
Fellowship, Research Fellowship - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 1986
Board Certification, Surgical Critical Care - American Board of Surgery, 1994
Board Certification, Thoracic Surgery - American Board of Thoracic Surgery, 1991
Board Certification, Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) - American Board of Thoracic Surgery, 1991
Residency in Thoracic Surgery - University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, 1990
Board Certification, Surgery - American Board of Surgery, 1989
Cardiovascular Surgery Fellowship - University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, 1989
Residency in General Surgery - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1988
Fellowship - Immunology - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 1986
Internship - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1983
Medical School - University Of Minnesota Medical School, 1981
Internship - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1982
Residency - ID - Massachusetts General Hospital GYN, 1986
Residency - ID - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1988
Fellowship 2 - Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1983
Fellowship 2 - Toronto General Hospital - UHN, 1990